The characteristics of the fiber determine its quality characteristics and its suitability for specific application conditions. Standard tests and laboratory testing are generally used to measure and compare fiber properties.
abrasion fastness
Abrasion fastness refers to the ability to resist wearing friction, which helps to improve the durability of the fabric. Clothing made of fibers with high breaking strength and good abrasion fastness can longIt is durable and will show signs of wear over a long period of time.
Nylon is widely used in sports outerwear, such as ski jackets and football shirts. This is because its strength and abrasion resistance are particularly good. Acetate fiber has excellent drape properties and low cost.Often used as linings for outerwear and jackets. But because acetate has poor abrasion resistance, the lining is prone to fraying or forming holes before the outer fabric of the jacket shows corresponding wear.
Second water absorption
Water absorption is the ability to absorb moisture, which is usually expressed by moisture regain. The water absorption of fiber refers to the dry fiber under the standard conditions of a temperature of 70℉ (equivalent to 21℃) and a relative humidity of 65%. Percentage of moisture absorbed in the air
Fibers that absorb water easily are called hydrophilic fibers. All natural animal and plant fibers and two man-made fibers – viscose fiber and acetate fiber are hydrophilic fibers. Those that have difficulty absorbing water or can only absorb a small amount of water The fiber is called hydrophobic fiber. Except for viscose fiber, Lyocell fiber and acetate fiber, all man-made fibers are hydrophobic fibers. Glass fiber does not absorb water at all, and other fibers usually have a moisture regain of 4% or less. /p>
The water absorption of fiber affects its application in many aspects, including:
●Skin comfort:Due to poor water absorption, the flow of sweat can cause a cold and wet feeling.
●Static electricity: With hydrophobic fibers, problems such as clothing sticking and sparking will occur, because there is almost no moisture to help evacuate charged particles accumulated on the fiber surface, and dust is also caused by static electricity. is brought to the fiber and adheres to it.
●Dimensional stability after washing:After washing, hydrophobic fibers shrink less than hydrophilic fibers, and the fibers rarely expand, which is one of the reasons for fabric shrinkage.
●Stain removal:It is easy to remove stains from hydrophilic fibers because the fibers absorb detergent and water at the same time.
●Water repellency:Hydrophilic fibers usually undergo more post-treatment for water repellency and durability because this chemical treatment can make these fibers more water repellent.
●Wrinkle recovery:Hydrophobic fibers generally have better wrinkle recovery, especially after laundering, because they do not absorb water, do not swell and dry in the wrinkled state.
Three chemical effects
During textile processing (such as printing and dyeing, finishing) and home/professional care or cleaning (such as using soap, bleaching powder and dry cleaning solvents, etc.), fibers generally need to come into contact with chemicals. Types and functions of chemicals The intensity and duration of action determine the degree of impact on fibers. It is important to understand the impact of chemicals on different fibers as it is directly related to the care required during cleaning.
Fibers react differently to chemicals. For example, cotton fiber has relatively low acid resistance, but good alkali resistance. In addition, cotton fabrics will lose a little strength after being treated with chemical resin no-iron finishing. .
Four coverage
Coverage refers to the ability to fill a certain range. Thick fiber or curl Fabrics made from thin, straight fibers provide a warmer, fuller feel and require less fiber to weave.
Wool is a widely used fiber in winter clothing because its curl provides excellent coverage to the fabric and provides excellent coverage during the winter. A large amount of still air is formed in the fabric, which insulates the cold air from the outside. The effectiveness of the fiber covering depends on its cross-sectional shape, longitudinal structure and weight.
Five elasticity
Elasticity refers to theThe ability to increase in length (elongation) and return to a rocky state after releasing an external force (recovery). The elongation when external force acts on the fiber or fabric can make the clothes more comfortable and cause less seam stress. There is also a tendency to increase breaking strength. Complete recovery can help prevent fabric sagging at the elbow or knee, thereby preventing the garment from sagging.
Fibers that can stretch at least 100% are called elastic fibers. Spandex fiber (Spandex is also called Lycra, and spandex in my country) and rubber fiber belong to this type of fiber. After stretching, these elastic fibers can almost forcefully return to their original length.
Six environmental conditions
Environmental conditions have different effects on fibers. How the fiber and the final fabric react to exposure, storage, etc. is very important.
Here are some examples:
●Wool clothing needs to be protected from insects when stored because they are easily eaten by wool borers.
●Nylon and silk will lose strength when exposed to sunlight for a long time, so they are usually not used to make curtains, doors and windows.
●Cotton fiber is easily moldy, so it cannot Stored in a humid environment for a long time
Seven flammability
Flammability refers to the ability of an object to ignite or burn. This is a very important characteristic because people’s lives are always surrounded by a variety of textiles. We know that clothing or indoor furniture, due to its flammability sex, may cause serious harm to consumers and cause significant material losses.
Fibers are usually divided into flammable, non-flammable, and flame-retardant:
●Flammable fiber refers to Fibers that ignite easily and will continue to burn
●Non-flammable fiber refers toFibers with a relatively high burning point and relatively slow burning speed will extinguish themselves after the combustion source is removed.
●Flame-retardant fiber means that it will not Burnt fiber.
Flammable fibers can be made into flame-retardant fibers by finishing or changing fiber parameters. For example, conventional Polyester is flammable, but Trevira polyester is treated to be flame retardant.
Eight softness
Softness refers to the ability of fibers to bend repeatedly without breaking. Soft fibers such as acetate can support fabrics and clothing with good drape . Rigid fibers such as glass fiber cannot be used to make clothing, but they can be used for decorative fabrics that require relatively stiffness. Generally, the thinner the fiber, the better the drape.
Although fabrics are often required to drape well, sometimes they also need to be stiffer fabric. For example, on a garment with a cape (the garment hangs over the shoulders and turns outward), use a stiffer fabric to achieve the desired shape.
Nine feel
Hand refers to the feeling when touching fibers, yarns or fabrics. The hand of the fiber feels the influence of its shape, surface characteristics and structure. Fiber shapes vary, and can be round, flat, or leafy. Shape, etc. The fiber surface is also different, such as smooth, jagged or scaly. The shape of the fiber is either curly or straight. The yarn type, fabric structure and finishing process also affect the fabric’s feel. Commonly used are soft, smooth, dry, silky, stiff and rough. or rough to describe the feel of the fabric.
十 gloss
Gloss refers to the reflection of light from the fiber surface. Different characteristics of the fiber affect its gloss. Glossy surface, less bending, flat cross-sectional shape and longer fiber length can enhance the reflection of light. Fiber The drawing process in the manufacturing process increases the gloss by making the surface smoother. Adding matting agent will destroy the reflection of light and reduce the gloss. By controlling the amount of matting agent added, optical fiber, matting fiber and fiber can be produced. Matt fiber.
Fabric sheen is also affected by yarn type, weave and any finishing. Sheen requirements will depend on fashion trends and customers
Eleven balls
Pilling refers to some short, broken fibers on the surface of the fabric that are tangled with each other to form small balls. When the ends of the fibers break from the fabric surface, pilling is formed, usually caused by wearing. Pilling. The ball is not what people needThis is important because it makes fabrics such as bedsheets look old, unsightly and uncomfortable. Pom poms develop in areas with frequent friction, such as collars, under sleeves, and cuff edges.
Hydrophobic fibers are more likely to pill than hydrophilic fibers because hydrophobic fibers are more likely to attract each other.Static, and not easy to fall off the fabric surface. Pom poms are rarely seen on 100% cotton shirts, but are very common on similar shirts made from polyester-cotton blends that have been worn for some time. Although wool is hydrophilic, pom poms are produced due to its scaly surface. The fibers twist and entwine with each other to form a pom-pom. Strong fibers easily hold the pom poms on the surface of the fabric. Low-strength fiber that is easy to break and is less likely to pill because the pom-poms fall off easily.
Twelve resilience
Resilience refers to the ability of a material to elastically recover after being folded, twisted, or twisted. It is closely related to the wrinkle recovery ability. It has good resilience The fabric is not prone to wrinkles, therefore, it is easy to maintain its good shape
Thicker fibers have better resilience because they have greater mass to absorb strain. At the same time, the shape of the fiber also affects the resilience of the fiber, round Shaped fibers have better resilience than flat fibers
The nature of the fiber is also a factor. Polyester fiber has excellent resilience, but cotton fiber has poor resilience. Therefore, the two fibers are often mixed in some products, such as men’s shirts, women’s shirts, etc. It’s not surprising that it looks like this on a loose top and bed sheet.
When it is necessary to form obvious wrinkles on clothing, fibers with good rebound will be a bit troublesome. It is easy to form creases on cotton fabrics or coarse viscose fabrics, but not on dry wool fabrics. Easy. Wool fibers resist bending and wrinkles, and can straighten out later.
Thirteen relative density
Relative density refers to the ratio of fiber mass to the mass of water at 4°C of equal volume. Light fibers can keep fabrics warm without being bulky, and may become thick and fluffy fabrics, but still maintain a lighter weight . Acrylic fiber is a good example. It is much lighter than wool but has similar properties to wool, so it is widely used to fabricate lightweight and warm blankets, scarves, thick socks and other winter items.
Fourteen Static
Static electricity is a charge generated by two different materials rubbing against each other. When the charge is generated and accumulated on the surface of the fabric, it will cause the clothing to cling to the wearer or lint to be adsorbed on the fabric. When the surface of the fabric is in contact with the When foreign bodies come into contact, sparks or electric shocks will occur. This is a rapid discharge process. When static electricity is generated on the fiber surface at the same speed as the static electricity transfer, the static electricity phenomenon can be eliminated.
The moisture contained in the fiber acts as a conductor, dissipating charges and preventing the previously mentioned electrostatic effects. Hydrophobic fibers, because they contain very little moisture, have a tendency to generate static electricity. Static electricity Also produced in natural fibers, but only become like hydrophobic fibers when very dry. Glass fibers are an exception to hydrophobic fibers because, due to their chemical composition, stationary charges cannot develop on their surfaces.
Fabrics containing Ebitrobic fibers (fibers that can conduct electricity) do not suffer from static electricity. The carbon or metal contained allows the fibers to transfer accumulated static charges. Because static electricity is often a problem in carpets, it is recommended to use The carpet is made of Monsanto Ultron nylon. Robik fiber eliminates the dangers of electric shock, fabric clinging and dust adsorption. Because of the dangers of static electricity in special working environments, low-static fiber is used in hospitals and work areas near computers where fires are flammable or explosive liquids or gases. Neighborhood is very important.
Fifteen Strength
Strength is the ability of a fiber to resist stress. Fiber strength is the force required to break the fiber, expressed in grams per denier or centinewtons/Expressed in tex (legal unit of measurement).
Sixteen thermoplastic
The ability of fibers to withstand heat is an important factor affecting their application performance. Generally, this is also an important factor to consider in fiber processing, because fibers need to be heated during many fabric formation processes, such as dyeing, ironing and Heat styling. In addition, heat is often used to care for and renew clothing and interior furniture.
Some effects of heat are only temporary and obvious during the action. For example, in dyeing, the properties of fibers can change during the heat action, but after cooling, they return to normal. But a certain Some of the effects of heat are permanent, as the fibers themselves degrade due to the rearrangement of molecules caused by heat, and the heat setting changes. Changes in molecular alignment make the fabric more stable (minimal shrinkage) and more resistant to wrinkles, but without significant degradation. However, prolonged exposure to high temperatures may cause degradation such as loss of strength, fiber shrinkage, and discoloration experienced by many consumers. Ironing at too high a temperature can cause serious degradation of the fabric and even damage the garment.
When heated, thermoplastic fibers become soft and can melt into a liquid state at higher temperatures. Many man-made fibers are thermoplastic. Creases and pleats are formed by heating fabrics containing thermoplastic fibers without melting the fibers. When the temperature drops, permanent creases and pleats can be created. When heated (softened), the thermoplastic fibers can be molded and formed. The molded shape will be retained (when ironing garments made from man-made fibers, care must be taken to avoid softening or melting. When softened or melted, the fabric will begin to stick to the iron) and the creases will be permanent unless more High temperatures eliminate the original heat setting effect. The shape of clothing can also be formed by this method, and thermoplastic fabrics have good dimensional stability.
Seventeen wicking effects
Wicking refers to the ability of a fiber to transfer moisture from one place to another. Typically, moisture is transferred along the surface of the fiber, but liquid can also pass through the fiber as it is absorbed by the fiber. The core of the fiber The tendency to wick often depends on the chemical and physical composition of the outer surface. Smooth surfaces will reduce the wicking effect.
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