纺织品行业已成为我国第二大出口创汇支柱产业，目前该行业主要以量取胜，只有不断开发新产品，提高产品的档次和功能，才能获得持续稳定的发展。而科技的进步始终是全球纺织服装产业升级的根本动力，纳米技术为纺织服装产业注入了新的活力。
纳米是一个长度计量单位，1纳米（μm）等于10亿分之一米，纳米粒子一般是指粒径在0.1~100μm之间的微粒。纳米粒子可通过光学、催化、化学反应、磁性、熔点、蒸汽压、相变温度、超导等许多方面显示出特殊的性质，应用在纺织品中更显示出重要的价值。目前，纳米材料在纺织品的应用主要集中在：抗菌、抗静电、红外、紫外光吸收等功能性方面。
功能性纺织品一般是指超出传统意义上纺织产品的保暖、遮盖和美化功能之外的具有其他特殊功能的纺织品� With the development of science and technology and the improvement of people’s living standards, the application fields of functional textiles have gradually penetrated into various fields of the national economy, showing an increasingly broad space for development, and their performance is no longer limited to a single function, but develops in the direction of multi-function, high function and composite function. �</p
根据纺织品的功能不同，功能性纺织品通常可以分为四大类：物理型功能纺织品、化学型功能纺织品、物质分离型功能纺织品和生物适应型功能纺织品等。
According to their performance and uses, functional textiles can be roughly divided into the following categories: </p
1.整理型纺织品：如将棉、毛、丝、麻等常规织物通过防水、防皱、防污或抗静电、防腐防霉等整理，从而具备上述功能的纺织品。
2.防护型功能纺织品：如具有抗紫外线、防辐射、阻燃、耐高温、隔热、隔声等防护功能的纺织品。
3.适感型纺织品：具有超舒适、超柔软、快干、透湿、高弹性等功能的纺织品。
4.卫生保健型纺织品：具有抑菌、抗菌、远红外发射、负离子释放等医疗保健功能的纺织品。
5.智能型纺织品：如舒适可呼吸的能调节人体局部温度的织物、相变调温织物、可信号响应变色的织物、生命保健系统织物、仿生运动织物。
纳米材料由于表面效应、量子尺寸和体积效应等特性使得材料电学、力学、电磁学、光学等性能产生了巨大的变化� Using nanotechnology, people continue to develop products with high performance (high strength, high modulus, high temperature resistance) and high functions (moisture-proof, waterproof, antistatic and conductive, ion exchange, antibacterial, biocompatibility, etc.) New chemical fibers, multifunctional, high value-added functional nanotextiles made from them, have huge economic and social benefits �</p
At present, there are three main ways to develop functional textiles using nanotechnology: ⑴ Ultrafine fibers to reach the nanometer level to meet the needs of special application fields, such as ultrafine fibers used as reinforcing materials for composite materials; ⑵ Utilization of nanometer Materials modify traditional materials, such as Solution blending in method spinning, that is, adding nanoparticles to the dissolved polymer and stirring evenly, and then spinning process after polymerization reaction occurs; in melt spinning, nanoparticles are evenly dispersed in the molten polymer to prepare functions Sexual fiber; (3) Nano-finishing the fiber to functionalize it �</p
Its main applications are: </p
1.抗紫外纤维� Ultraviolet rays from solar energy that are harmful to the human body are mainly in the 200~400nm band. Nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, nano-Fe2O3 and nano-mica all have the characteristics of absorbing ultraviolet rays in this band. A small amount of nano-particles are added to chemical fibers. , will produce the phenomenon of absorbing ultraviolet rays, which can effectively protect the human body from ultraviolet damage. �现阶段使用的大多数抗紫外线功能添加剂主要成分是纳米TiO2、纳米ZnO以及其他化学助剂� �</p
2.抗静电纤维� Adding a small amount of nanoparticles to chemical fiber products, such as adding 0.1% to 0.5% of nano-TiO2, nano-Cr2O3, nano-ZnO, nano-Fe2O3 and other semiconductor powders into the resin, will produce good electrostatic shielding properties. The electrostatic effect is greatly reduced, which can improve the safety factor �</p
3.抗电磁波辐射纤维� With the development of microwave communication and information technology, electromagnetic radiation has posed a huge threat to human health. During the processing of chemical fibers, some nanoparticles such as nano Fe2O3, nano NiO, etc. can be added to make anti-electromagnetic radiation fibers, which can strongly absorb electromagnetic waves. radiation, thereby protecting the human body �</p
4.远红外功能纤维。纳米Al2O3、TiO2、SiO2和Fe2O3等的复合粉体与高分子纤维结合，对中红外波段有很强的吸收性能，可用于研制作战服。有些纳米微粒��Zirconium oxide can effectively absorb external energy and radiate far-infrared rays that are the same as human biological waves. It has health care functions such as heat preservation, antibacterial, promoting blood circulation, and enhancing immunity.
5.抗菌、抑菌、除臭型化纤织物。纳米TiO2作为主要的抗菌、防臭剂被广泛应用于纺织纤维中。它主要是基于光催化反应使有机物分解而具有抗菌、防臭效果的。另外一些金属粒子如纳米Ag、Cu、Fe等，可通过其释放出的微量金属离子与带负电荷的菌体蛋白质结合而使细菌变形或沉淀，从而达到杀菌效果。
6.阻燃织物。纺织纤维多数通过添加型阻燃剂或反应型阻燃剂对原材料进行前处理，使其具有阻燃性能。纳米粒子主要是作阻燃添加剂和灭火剂，如超细五氧化二锑、超细氧化锑母粒、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、硼酸锌、钼化合物以及锡化合物等无机阻燃剂。这些材料在火焰中分解、汽化，产生游离基，这些纳米材料产生的游离基与燃烧物产生的游离基相互作用，从而终止链反应，达到阻燃的目的。
7.其他纤维。除上述应用之外，纳米材料在功能纺织品中的其他应用主要有：智能纤维、磁性纤维、荧光防伪纤维和再生纤维等。
纳米纺织品因其表现的优越性能受到了研究者和企业的青睐，据统计数据表明，产业用纳米纺织品不仅能够满足国内需求，逐步替代进口产品，而且出口种类日渐丰富� �2010年纳米纺织品出口额比2005年增加了近2倍� �2010年纳米纺织品增加值比2009年增长11.6%，主要纳米纺织品产量增速较2009年加快� It continued to grow in 2012. In the next five years, China’s textile industry has proposed seven key tasks for scientific and technological progress in the textile industry in the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” textile science and technology development plan. The first three items all focus on the research and development and manufacturing of new materials. , and the content of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” shows that mainland China’s textile industry will continue to grow at an annual rate of 8% �</p
“China Inspection and Quarantine” October 2013 issue
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